Feb 16, 2010

Key Stage 3 National Strategy

http://www.counton.org/resources/ks3framework/

Key Stage 3 National Strategy

This area contains the complete text of the Framework for teaching mathematics: Years 7, 8 and 9 in pdf format.

You will need to have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed in order to open these files. This is available to download free from Adobe.

Get Acrobat Reader

Framework Management Summary
Guide to the Framework
Key objectives
Yearly teaching programmes
Supplement of examples Years 7, 8 and 9
Using and applying mathematics to solve problems:
Applying mathematics and solving problems
Numbers and the number system:
Place value ordering and rounding Integers, powers and roots
Fractions, decimals, percentages, ratio and proportion
Calculations:
Number operations and the relationships between them: Mental methods and rapid recall of number facts and more
Algebra:
Equations, formulae and identities
Sequences and functions
Graphs of functions
Shape, space and measures:
Geometrical reasoning: lines, angles and shapes
Transformations
Coordinates Construction and loci
Measures and mensuration
Handling Data:
Specifying a problem, planning and collecting data Processing and representing data Interpreting and discussing results
Probability
Vocabulary checklist


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Feb 13, 2010

Rooted product of graphs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooted_product_of_graphs

The rooted product of graphs.

In mathematical graph theory, the rooted product of a graph G and a rooted graph H is defined as follows: take |V(G)| copies of H, and for every vertex vi of G, identify vi with the root node of the i-th copy of H.

More formally, assuming that V(G) = {g1, ..., gn}, V(H) = {h1, ..., hm} and that the root node of H is h1, define

G \circ H := (V, E)

where

V = \left\{(g_i, h_j): 1\leq i\leq n, 1\leq j\leq m\right\}

and

E = \left\{((g_i, h_1), (g_k, h_1)): (g_i, g_k) \in E(G)\right\} \cup \bigcup_{i=1}^n \left\{((g_i, h_j), (g_i, h_k)): (h_j, h_k) \in E(H)\right\}

If G is also rooted at g1, one can view the product itself as rooted, at (g1, h1). The rooted product is a subgraph of the cartesian product of the same two graphs.

The rooted product is especially relevant for trees, as the rooted product of two trees is another tree. For instance, Koh et al. (1980) used rooted products to find graceful numberings for a wide family of trees.

[edit] References

Koh, K. M.; Rogers, D. G.; Tan, T. (1980). "Products of graceful trees". Discrete Mathematics 31 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1016/0012-365X(80)90139-9. MR0584121.
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AKS primality test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_primality_test

The AKS primality test (also known as Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and published by three Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur computer scientists, Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena on August 6, 2002 in a paper titled PRIMES is in P.[1] The authors received many accolades, including the 2006 Gödel Prize and the 2006 Fulkerson Prize for this work.

The algorithm determines whether a number is prime or composite within polynomial time, and was soon improved by others. In 2005, Carl Pomerance and H. W. Lenstra, Jr. demonstrated a variant of AKS that runs in O(log6+ε(n)) operations where n is the number to be tested, a marked improvement over the initial O(log12+ε(n)) bound in the original algorithm.[2]


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, Nitin Saxena, "PRIMES is in P", Annals of Mathematics 160 (2004), no. 2, pp. 781–793.
  2. ^ a b H. W. Lenstra, Jr. and Carl Pomerance, "Primality Testing with Gaussian Periods", preliminary version July 20, 2005.

[edit] External links


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CS369E: Expanders in Computer Science

http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~prahladh/teaching/spring05/index.html

CS369E: Expanders in Computer Science - Spring 2005

Expanders, constructions and their applications

Time: Mon 2:15-4:05pm
Location: Educ 130 (Stanford)
Instructors : Cynthia Dwork (dwork AT microsoft DOT com) and Prahladh Harsha (<firstname> AT tti-c DOT org)
Homepage: http://cs369e.stanford.edu

Course Announcement

Lectures

Complete Lectures Notes (82 pages) [ ps | gzipped-ps | pdf | gzipped-pdf ]
Individual Lectures (below)

  1. Lecture 1 (Apr 4): Introduction, motivation and some applications
    Definition; applications: time-space tradeoffs (super-concentrators), (almost everywhere) Byzantive agreement, Amplification with no extra random bits (Karp Pippenger Sipser), Expander Codes, use of expanders in metric embeddings
    Ref: [Lin, Rob].
    Lecture Notes (by Arpita Ghosh): [ ps | pdf ]

  2. Lecture 2 (Apr 11): Expanders and eigen-values
    Probabilistic method - existence of expanders (Pinsker);
    eigen-value connection, spectral gap implies expansion, expander mixing lemma, expanders have large spectral gap (Alon), Statements w/o proof: Alon's 2nd eigen-value conjecture (Friedman), Ramanujan graphs, converse to expander mixing lemma (Bilu and Linial)
    Ref: [Alo, BL, Fri].
    Lecture Notes (by Geir Helleloid): [ ps | pdf ]

  3. Lecture 3 (Apr 18): Random Walks
    Random walks in (general) undirected graphs, undirected connectivity is in randomized logspace (Aleliunas et. al.); Universal Traversal Sequences (UTS) - definition and existence; Random walks on expanders
    Ref: [Lov]
    Lecture Notes (by David Arthur): [ ps | pdf ]

  4. Lecture 4 (Apr 25): Derandomization
    Pseudo-random generators: AKS generator, INW construction of Nisan's Generator.
    Ref: [AKS, INW, IZ, Nis]
    Lecture Notes (by Adam Barth and Prahladh Harsha): [ ps | pdf ]

  5. Lecture 5 (May 2): Derandomized Linearity Testing & Error Correcting Codes
    Part 1: Derandomized Linearity Testing (Shpilka-Wigderson); Lecture Notes (by Adam Barth): [ ps | pdf ]
    Part 2: Introduction to Error-Correcting Codes and basic construction of linear decodable codes (Sipser-Spielman, Zemor)
    Ref: [Gur2, SW, SS, Zem]

  6. Lecture 6 (May 9): Error Correcting Codes and Expander Constructions
    Part 1: Linear time decodable codes (Sipser-Spielman, Guruswami-Indyk, Zemor); Lecture Notes (by Hovav Shacham): [ ps | pdf ]
    Part 2: Explicit Construction of Expanders: Margulis, Gaber-Galil, LPS (all without proof); Zig-Zag expanders (Reingold-Vadhan-Wigderson)
    Ref: [Gur2, GI, RVW, SS, Zem]

  7. Lecture 7 (May 16): Zig-Zag Product and Undirected Connectivity in Logspace
    Part 1: Zig-Zag Product and Expander Construction (Reingold-Vadhan-Wigderson); Lecture Notes (by Geir Helleloid): [ ps | pdf ]
    Part 2: Reingold's proof of SL=L; Lecture Notes (by Cynthia Dwork and Prahladh Harsha): [ ps | pdf ]
    Ref: [RVW, Rei]

  8. Lecture 8 (May 31): The PCP Theorem
    Dinur's Proof of The PCP Theorem
    Lecture Notes (by Krishnaram Kenthapadi): [ ps | pdf ]
    Ref: [Din]
    Note: Lecture on May 31 (Tuesday) in Gates 200

Style files for scribes: sample.tex and preamble.tex .

References

We will be adding more references as we go along. For the present, below are some sources of material on expanders:

Main references:
Other References:

The links below point to the actual location of papers at the author's homepages or other electronic repositories and the papers are not reposted locally.

  1. [AKS] Miklos Ajtai, Janos Komlos, Endre Szemeredi: "Deterministic Simulation in LOGSPACE", STOC 1987: 132-140.
  2. [Alo] Noga Alon, "Eigenvalues and expanders", Combinatorica 6(2): 83-96 (1986).
    A writeup of the proof that "expansion implies spectral gap" from Alon's paper can be found in pages 14-16 of the following thesis:
    David Xiao, "The Evolution of Expander Graphs", AB Thesis, Harvard University, 2003.
  3. [BL] Yonatan Bilu, and Nati Linial, "Lifts, discrepancy and nearly optimal spectral gaps", To appear in Combinatorica, (A preliminary version appeared in FOCS 2004).
  4. [Din] Irit Dinur, "The PCP Theorem by Gap Amplification", ECCC Technical Report TR05-046, 2005.
  5. [Fri] Joel Friedman, "A proof of Alon's second eigenvalue conjecture and related problems", CoRR cs.DM/0405020: (2004) (A preliminary version appeared in STOC 2003).
  6. [Gur2] Venkatesan Guruswami. Error-correcting codes and Expander graphs SIGACT News, 35(3): 25-41, September 2004.
  7. [GI] Venkatesan Guruswami, Piotr Indyk: "Linear time encodable/decodable codes with near-optimal rate", To appear in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. (Preliminary Version in STOC'02).
  8. [INW] Russell Impagliazzo, Noam Nisan, Avi Wigderson: "Pseudorandomness for network algorithms", STOC 1994: 356-364
  9. [IZ] Russell Impagliazzo, David Zuckerman: "How to Recycle Random Bits", FOCS 1989: 248-253.
  10. [Lov] Lazlo Lovasz: ``Random Walks on Graphs: A Survey'', Combinatorics, Paul Erdos is Eighty, Vol. 2, Janos Bolyai Mathematical Society, Budapest, 1996, 353--398
  11. [Lin] Nati Linial, "Expanders, eigenvalues and all that", Invited Talk, NIPS, Dec 2004.
    (A nice introduction to expanders).
  12. [Nis] Noam Nisan: "Pseudorandom generators for space-bounded computation", Combinatorica 12(4): 449-461 (1992).
  13. [Rei] Omer Reingold: "Undirected ST-Connectivity in Logspace", ECCC Tech Report TR04-094, 2004.
  14. [RVW] Omer Reingold, Salil Vadhan, and Avi Wigderson: "Entropy Waves, The Zig-Zag Graph Product, and New Constant-Degree Expanders and Extractors", Annals of Math `02.
  15. [Rob] Sara Robinson, "Computer Scientist Finds Small-Memory Algorithm for Fundamental Graph Problem", SIAM News, Volume 38, Number 1, January/February 2005.
    (A news report on Reingold's result, also covers some history on expanders)
  16. [SW] Amir Shpilka, Avi Wigderson: "Derandomizing homomorphism testing in general groups". STOC 2004: 427-435
  17. [SS] Michael Sipser, Daniel A. Spielman: Expander codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 42(6): 1710-1722 (1996)
  18. [Zem] Gilles Zemor: "On Expander Codes", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47(2):835-837 (2001).

Requirements

Students taking the course for credit will be expected to:

  • Attend lectures
  • Scribe notes for a lecture or two (rare) in LATEX.
  • Present to Cynthia and/or Prahladh (not necessarily in class) the proofs of some of the theorems presented without proof in lecture.



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Feb 12, 2010

pythagoras theorem and all its different derivation

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  52. Hero's Formula

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  86. Ask NRICH: pythagorus continued...

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